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English
/ Spelling
Concepts
FlexBook® Textbooks
CBSE
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Letters vs. Sounds and Vowels vs. Consonants
Letters and Sounds
Always Vowels: <a>, <e>, <i>, and <o>
Vowels That Can Be Consonants: <y>, <w>, and <u>
Overview of Vowels That Can Be Consonants
<y>: A Vowel and a Consonant
<w>: A Consonant That Can Act as a Vowel
<u>: A Vowel That Can Act as a Consonant
Practice with Vowel and Consonant Letters
Consonant Sounds and Spellings
The Consonant Sound [p]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [p]
Spelling [p]
When [p] Is Spelled <pp>
Spelling [p] after Short and Long Vowels
Words with <ple> and <pple>
The Consonant Sound [b]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [b]
Spelling [b]
When [b] Is Spelled <bb>
Words with <ble> and <bble>
The Consonant Sound [t]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [t]
Spelling [t]
When [t] Is Spelled <tt>
The Sound [t] and Twinning
The Sound [t] and Assimilation
The Sound [t] and the VCC Pattern
Words with <tle> and <ttle>
[t] Spelled <ed>
Some Verbs That End with <t>
Unusual Spellings of [t]
The Consonant Sound [d]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [d]
Spelling [d]
Some Words with <dd>
Words with <dle> and <ddle>
[d] Spelled <ed>
Dropping the Sound <d>
The Consonant Sound [k]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [k]
Spelling [k]
Spelling [k] at the End of Words
Words That End in <c> and <ck>
Spelling [k] in the Middle of Words
The Sound [k] before <le>
The Combinations [ks] and [kw]
Some Prefixes That Make <cc>
[k] Spelled <q> or <qu>
[k] Spelled <ch> or <lk>
The Consonant Sound [g]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [g]
Spelling [g]
When [g] Is Spelled <gg>
[g] Spelled <gu> and <gh>
Pronunciations of <gh>
<x> When You Hear [g]
Review of [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], and [g]
Soft and Hard <c>
Overview of Soft and Hard <c>
Soft <c> and Silent Final <e>
Soft <c> and Deleting Silent Final <e>
Soft and Hard <g>
Overview of Soft and Hard <g>
Soft <g> and Silent Final <e>
Soft <g> and Deleting Silent Final <e>
Review of Soft and Hard <c> and <g>
The Consonant Sound [j]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [j]
Spelling [j]
[j] Spelled <d>
The Consonant Sound [ch]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [ch]
Spelling [ch]
[ch] Spelled <t>
[ch] Spelled <c>, <cc>, and <tsch>
The Consonant Sound [sh]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [sh]
Spelling [sh]
[sh] Spelled <t>
[sh] Spelled <c>, <sc>, <ss>, and <s>
The Consonant Sounds [f] and [v]
Overview of the Consonant Sounds [f] and [v]
Spelling [f]
[f] Spelled <ph>, <pph>, <gh>, <lf>, and <ft>
The Consonant Sound [s]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [s]
Spelling [s]
[s] Spelled <ss>
[s] Spelled <se> or <ss> at the End of Words
Another Suffix with <ss>
[s] Spelled <c> or <sc>
Rare Spellings of [s]
The Consonant Sound [z]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [z]
Spelling [z]
[z] Spelled <zz> or <ss>
Review of [j], [ch], [sh], [f], [v], [s], and [z]
The Consonant Sound [m]
Spelling [m]
[m] Spelled <mm>
Unusual Spellings of [m]: <mn>, <mb>, and <lm>
The Consonant Sound [n]
Spelling [n]
Spelling <nn> and the VCC Pattern
[n] Spelled <gn>
[n] Spelled <kn>
The Consonant Sound 'Eng'
Review of [m], [n], and 'Eng'
The Consonant Sounds [h] and [th]
The Consonant Sounds Voiced and Unvoiced <th>
Overview of Voiced and Unvoiced <th>
A Function of Silent Final <e>: Voiced <th>
The Consonant Sounds [w] and [y]
Overview of the Consonant Sounds [w] and [y]
Spelling [w]
[w] Spelled <wh> and <u>
Review of [h], Voiced and Unvoiced <th>, and [w]
The Consonant Sound [r]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [r]
[r] Spelled <rr>
Spelling <rr> and Assimilation
The Sound [r] and the VCC Pattern
[r] Spelled <wr> or <rh>
The Consonant Sound [l]
Overview of the Consonant Sound [l]
[l] Spelled <l> or <ll>
Sounds of <a> before <ll>
Sounds of <o> before <ll>
<ll> with Short <u> or <oo>
Review of [l] and [r]
Vowel Sounds and Spellings
Overview of Vowel Sounds
The Vowel <a>
The Vowel <e>
Overview of the Vowel <e>
Spelling Long <e>
Long <e> Spelled <i> or <y>
Digraph Spellings of Long <e>
Long <e> and the <i>-before-<e> Rule
The <i>-before-<e> Rule and Spelling Long <a> and Long <i>
Exceptions to the <i>-before-<e> Rule
The Vowel <i>
Overview of the Vowel <i>
Spelling Long <i>
Long <i> and the VCC Pattern
Digraph Spellings of Long <i>
The Vowel <o>
Overview of the Vowel <o>
Spelling Long <o>
Long <o> and the VCC Pattern
Digraph Spellings of Long <o>
Four Long and Short <u> Sounds
Overview of <u> Sounds
Spelling Long 'oo'
Strong and Weak Vowel Sounds
Overview of Strong and Weak Vowel Sounds
Silent Final <e> and Stress
The Third Vowel Rule
Words like Lemon with a VCV Pattern
The 'Schwa' Sound
Overview of the 'Schwa' Sound
The Combinations [ur] and [er]
Diphthongs
The Diphthong [ou]
The Diphthong [oi]
Vowel Digraphs
Word Patterns
Long and Short Vowel Patterns: VCV and VCC
Overview of Long and Short Vowel Patterns: VCV and VCC
Twinning
Silent Final <e> in the VCV Pattern
Silent Final <e> as an Insulator
Multiple Uses of Silent Final <e>
The Vowel Pattern Ve#
The Pattern CVC#
Compound Words
Overview of Compound Words
Compounds like Blackbird and Catbird
Compounds like Hilltop and Fireplace
Compounds like Backyard and Popcorn
Compounds like Dogcatcher and Steamboat
Suffixes, Prefixes, and Roots
Suffixes
The Suffixes -er and -est
The Suffixes -ed and -ing
Overview of the Suffixes -ed and -ing
Sounds of -ing and -ed
-ed Is Always Spelled <ed>
Pronunciations of -ed
The Suffix -s
Overview of the Suffix -s
The Suffix -s and Nouns
Forming Plurals Using -s or -es
The Suffix -s and Verbs
-s and -es in Nouns and Verbs
Sounds of -s and -es
-es as [iz] or [z]
-s as [z] or [s]
The Suffixes -ist and -est
The Suffix -ize
The Suffix -en
Four Suffixes: -ful, -less, -ly, and -y
Overview of the Suffixes -ful, -less, -ly, and -y
Suffixes Spelled <ly>
The Suffixes -ed and -ing with -ly
-ly with <y>-to-<i> or -al
The Suffix -ness
The Suffix -ment
The Suffix -ive
The Suffixes -ance and -ence
The Suffixes -ic and -al
Overview of the Suffixes -ic and -al
Verbs to Nouns with -al
Bound Stems with -ic and -al
The Suffixes -al, -ial, and -ual
The Suffix -ion
The Suffixes -ity, -ety, and -ty
The VCV Pattern and the Suffix -ity
Adjectives to Nouns with -ity
Using -ety or -ty Instead of -ity
The Suffix -age
The Suffixes -able and -ible
Overview of the Suffixes -able and -ible
Verbs to Adjectives with -able versus -ible
Bases with -able and -ible
Generalizations of -able versus -ible
Spelling Rules for Suffixes
The Rule of Simple Addition
The Twinning or Doubling Rule
Overview of the Twinning or Doubling Rule
Twinning Final Consonants
Twinning Depends on the Suffix
Twinning Depends on the Pattern
The Final <e> Deletion Rule
Overview of the Final <e> Deletion Rule
Deleting Letters or the Final <e> Rule
Deleting Silent Final <e> in Longer Words
Summary of Final <e> Deletion in Ve# Stems
<oe> Exceptions to the Final <e> Rule
Final <e> with Stems That End <ee> or <ie>
Final <e>s without Function
Replacing Letters and the <y>-to-<i> Rule
The Doubling or Twinning Rule in Longer Words
Overview of the Doubling or Twinnning Rule in Longer Words
Twinning in Longer Words
Strong Stress and the Twinning Rule
Prefixes
The Prefix Re-
The Prefix Un-
The Prefix Mis-
The Prefix Dis-
The Prefix Dis- and Assimilation
Double Letters with Un-, Re-, Dis-, and Mis-
The Prefix Ad-
The Prefix Ad- and Assimilation
The Prefix Sub-
The Prefix In-
The Prefix ln- and Assimilation
The Prefix Ob-
The Prefix Com-
The Prefix Com- and Partial Assimilation
The Prefix Ex-
The Prefix Ex- and Assimilation
The Prefix Non-
The Prefixes Under-, Over-, and Counter-
The Prefixes Inter- and Sur-
The Prefix Syn-
Assimilation
Stems and Bases / Roots
Word Stems
Word Elements and Bases
The Free Bases 'scribe' and 'script'
Bound Bases and Bound Stems
Bound Stems and Prefixes
Bound Bases, Prefixes, and Suffixes
Four Bound Bases: 'cept,' 'fect,' 'gest,' and 'spect'
The Set of Bound Bases 'ceive' and 'cept'
The Set of Bound Bases 'miss' and 'mit'
The Set of Bases 'duce' and 'duct'
The Set of Bases 'cede,' 'ceed,' and 'cess'
Spelling Homophones
Overview of Spelling Homophones
Homophones with Long 'oo'
Contractions with Homophones
The Homophones Affect / Effect and Accept / Except
Homophones and Near-Homophones
Punctuation Used in Spelling
Spelling Using Apostrophes
Spelling Contractions with Apostrophes
Spelling Possessives with Apostrophes
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